Consumer Decision Making Process Samsung â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Talk About The Consumer Decision Making Process Samsung? Answer: Introducation Purchaser Decision Making Process (CDMP) alludes to the procedure which the buyers follow before settling on buy choice to buy items. Coming up next are the five phases of customer dynamic process(CDMP) which a buyer would experience while buying a Samsung Galaxy S8: Need acknowledgment: A customer at perceives the need to purchase an item at this phase by perceiving a prerequisite of his which the item can satisfy. For instance, the objective shopper may want to purchase a Samsung Galaxy S8 to gain admittance to the most recent versatile applications or to have the option to send and get sends on his cell phone. The mental impacts like needs and inspiration assume a significant job in choosing what to buy. For instance, if the client needs to utilize a top of the line costly advanced mobile phone, he would be persuaded to purchase a Samsung Galaxy. The need and inspiration to buy an item become dynamic at this stage(Solomon 2014). Data search: Clients at this stage attempts to assemble data about the item he needs to purchase. He counsels his companions, family members and colleagues to think about their perspectives about the item. He watches promotions and open wellsprings of data about the item like papers advertisement magazines. The character and self-origination of the client assume huge job at this stage. The data the clients gain from sources like commercial and papers sway the recognitions buyers create about items. For instance, Samsung Galaxy is publicized as a top of the line PDA which a great deal of highlights and equipped for supporting numerous applications(Wen et al. 2014). These clients coordinate these observation with their characters to conclude whether to purchase items or not. For instance, the center and the privileged individuals with high extra cash and the preference for very good quality electronic items would buy Samsung Galaxy S8. This phase of data assortment is significant on the grounds tha t the data clients gain from different sources choose their buy choices of items. The positive data and audits increased about an item energizes buying the item while negative surveys and observation keeps clients from buying items. It can likewise be induced from the conversation that this stage is equipped for influencing the offer of products in the organizations, which thusly impact their income generation(Hu, Koh and Reddy 2014). Assessment of choices: The clients at this stage assess the data they increase about an item from different sources like papers, official sites of organizations and surveys of colleagues. The clients attempt to pick the best accessible item in the market fit as they would prefer, observations, dread and disposition. The customers see huge brands as an affirmations for high caliber and incentive for cash. They have discernment that more affordable items are of mediocre quality or utility. These recognitions about dangers variables of utilizing less realized brands make dread in the psyches of the buyers and repulse clients from buying items. For instance, Samsung Galaxy S8 is a top of the line item possessed by Samsung, one of the greatest worldwide electronic brands. This solid brand picture of Samsung mirrors its positive client audits and high pace of consumer loyalty it creates. This solid brand picture raises the hazard and dread purchasers have with respect to the new items. The clients pick the advan ced mobile phone set since they see it as among the best items in the market(Ballesteros-Gmez et al. 2014). Buy: The clients at this stage really purchase the items dependent on the data they gain from the different sources like paper and notices. For instance, the client assess the different wellsprings of data like paper and chooses to purchase Samsung Galaxy S8. Post buy fulfillment or disappointment: The clients at this stage audit the items after they have devoured them. They consider whether the items have lived up to their desires and the guarantee created by the commercials. In the event that they consider that the items have lived up to their desires and they are fulfilled, they impact they buy choices of different purchasers by encouraging them to purchase the items. This outcomes in rehash business for the organizations and produces high income for them. For instance, if a buyer is fulfilled by utilizing Samsung Galaxy S8, he would encourage different purchasers to purchase the item. So also, if a shopper is disappointed by utilizing an item, he would guidance different customers not to purchase the product(Agnihotri et al. 2016). Situational factors: Some situational factors like retail condition can conceivably impact CDMP by propelling a buyer to buy certain items. The situational variables can be of four sorts to be specific, individual situational factors, natural situational factors, passionate situational components and life cycle situational factors. Individual situational factors allude to vicinity, closeness and nature of individual relationship buyers have with businesspeople. Natural situational factors like geology and retail condition impact the buy choices of customers. Enthusiastic situational factors comprise of passionate recognition customers have about items. For instance, if a purchaser has positive recognition about Samsung he would be propelled to buy Samsung Galaxy in the buy phase of CDMP. He would be inspired by positive audits from papers and ad in the assessment of elective stage which would in the end urge him to purchase the product(Collier et al. 2015). Retail condition: Retail condition alludes to nature in which items are offered to customers and influence the CDMP at the assessing elective stage. For instance, if the retail condition comprises of a Samsung outlet, it would urge customers to purchase Samsung Galaxy S8 to a further extent. This is on the grounds that at a Samsung outlet the shopper isn't left the choice to look at portable advanced cells of different brands dissimilar to in normal retail location. Consequently he would be urged to purchase Samsung Galaxy at the buy stage. Once more, in the computerized retail condition the clients can see different serious brands, which impact their buy choice. In this manner it very well may be surmised from the conversation that retail condition gets dynamic during specific phases of buyer dynamic procedure like the buy and implement purchasing activities of consumers(Samsung in. 2017). End: It very well may be reasoned that buyers experience a few phases like need acknowledgment, data search lastly assessing the data about the items before buying items. The situational factors like retail condition have an extremely profound effect on the buy choice of the purchasers. It is prescribed that Samsung should find a way to build its market infiltration and improve client buy choices. Suggestions: Coming up next are the suggestions to Samsung to encourage buy from target buyers and guarantee consumer loyalty: It is suggested that Samsung should expand its market nearness to increase further market infiltration. It tends to be executed by opening more outlets which would permit it to promote its items to the objective buyer base. The clients in the Samsung stores would not ready to analyze different brands which would urge them to buy Samsung telephones. Samsung should actualize it to accomplish more offer of its items and procure higher income. It is prescribed that Samsung should attempt to fortify its image picture in the market. It very well may be actualized by making increasingly positive client surveys obvious on its sites. It ought to be actualized to help Samsung in making a more grounded brand picture in the brains of the buyers during the assessment of elective stage which would urge them to purchase Samsung advanced cells. It is suggested that Samsung should likewise present Samsung Galaxy models with more highlights and applications. It tends to be executed by realizing thorough innovative work. This will assist the organization with serving more client needs and boost consumer loyalty. References: Agnihotri, R., Dingus, R., Hu, M.Y. what's more, Krush, M.T., 2016. Online life: Influencing consumer loyalty in B2B sales.Industrial Marketing Management,53, pp.172-180. Ballesteros-Gmez, A., Brandsma, S.H., De Boer, J. what's more, Leonards, P.E.G., 2014. Investigation of two option organophosphorus fire retardants in electronic and plastic purchaser items: resorcinol bis-(diphenylphosphate)(PBDPP) and bisphenol A bis (diphenylphosphate)(BPA-BDPP).Chemosphere,116, pp.10-14. Collier, J.E., Moore, R.S., Horky, A. what's more, Moore, M.L., 2015. Why the easily overlooked details matter: Exploring situational impacts on clients' self-administration innovation decisions.Journal of Business Research,68(3), pp.703-710. Hu, N., Koh, N.S. what's more, Reddy, S.K., 2014. Evaluations lead you to the item, audits assist you with securing it? The interceding job of online survey feelings on item sales.Decision support systems,57, pp.42-53. Pescher, C., Reichhart, P. what's more, Spann, M., 2014. Customer dynamic procedures in versatile viral advertising campaigns.Journal of intelligent marketing,28(1), pp.43-54. Samsung in. (2017).Samsung Galaxy S8 and S8+ - Price, Specs and Features. [online] Available at: https://www.samsung.com/in/cell phones/cosmic system s8/[Accessed 13 Sep. 2017]. Solomon, M.R., 2014.Consumer conduct: Buying, having, and being(Vol. 10). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. Wen, C., R. Prybutok, V., Blankson, C. what's more, Fang, J., 2014. The job of E-quality inside the customer dynamic process.International Journal of Operations Production Management,34(12), pp.1506-1536.

Specialist Research Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Authority Research Project - Essay Example The advertising involves introducing the business item to the client, to make deals. In this way, these as highlights of business achievement, Nike put generally in the different parts of marking and showcasing to set up client faithfulness; thus, setting up the fruitful; business culture and history as it has today. The organization has key promoting abilities that praise the item and administration brand in like manner for the effective commitment of the client. Further, the branch of knowledge of social and authentic improvements identifying with the organization involves a posting of different structures set up since the initiation of the organization. In this way, from these possibilities of the organization as a global usable partnership, the combination of the territories of marking and promoting, just as, social and chronicled considers establish the proposition of the examination venture. The proposed venture will look to investigate the degree of these design business regio ns as they foundation the profile of Nike Corporation. Showcasing involves the arrangement of procedures and devices occupied with advancing the business achievement. Notwithstanding, in building up a character of the item or administration the business connects with the region of marking remains the powerful factor for thought. Further, authoritative culture created after some time likewise characterizes the accomplishment of the undertaking as created in the region of activity. Accordingly, in choosing a portfolio to build up and combination the branches of knowledge of promoting and marking notwithstanding social and authentic investigations, the â€Å"Fashion Icon† Nike, stays most strategically located as an illustrative reference. Marking involves the way of life itself, the message that saturates and directs the procedures of the business (Katz, 2004, 39). In this manner, the task proposition looks to build up the basic misinterpretations over the branches of knowledge of marking and showcasing as they build up a culture an d

American poet Jack Kerouac Essay

American artist Jack Kerouac has been named the originator of the Beat Generation. He is known for his unconstrained confession booth style, just as his association with Buddhism, Allen Ginsberg, and American self realization. His dismissal of standard 1950’s society is his trademark, and the center perfect behind the beat-scratch culture he helped bring forth. Jack Kerouac was conceived Jean-Louis Lebris de Kerouac, to French-Canadian guardians, in Lowell, Massachusetts. Kerouac was brought familiar up in French, and didn’t begin learning English until he was six years of age. While going to Boston College and Columbia University, he exhibited remarkable athletic capacity in the sport of football, until he broke his leg. Subsequent to losing his football grant, Keroauc moved to New York. There he met the cosmetics of the gathering that would later be known as The Beat Generation writers. This gathering comprised of: John Clellon Holmes, Allen Ginsberg, Neal Cassady, William S. Burroughs and Herbert Huncke. He left the organization of these men to join the United States Navy in 1943, from which he was released during WWII, for the mental proportion of having an aloof air. This is suspected by numerous individuals to be the flash that roused him to compose his first work The Town and City, just as On The Road. A considerable lot of Kerouac’s works were frequently dismissed upon first accommodation to distributers. He was regularly ignored, because of his trial style, and socially cognizant perspectives. Not to overlook, his unnecessary inclination towards drinking. This fixation on liquor abuse is in the long run the reason for his demise in 1969, when he kicks the bucket of inside discharging because of cirrhosis. Jack Kerouac has an unmistakable and unique style. Upon first assessment of his style, his work may be regarded as adage, or garish self-hatred drink; yet it must be recalled that, Kerouac was one of the first to receive his free streaming type of verse. He is additionally noted for interfacing his verse to the beat-scratch writers. Kerouac is most normally alluded to as the King of the Beats and the Father of the Hippies. This is to a great extent due with the way that his verse is most promptly enlivened by Jazz music, explicitly bebop by Thelonius Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and Charlie Parker. He accumulated this Jazz impact with an affection for Buddhist investigations, explicitly Gary Snyder. The name he named his freshly discovered structure is Spontaneous Prose. It is regularly contrasted with the abstract method known as continuous flow, which is frequently considered as an artistic reflection of a writer’s manner of thinking. While composing, Kerouac took the main idea or line that rung a bell and went with it. This strategy is generally conspicuous in his books Visions of Cody, Big Sur, Visions of Gerard, On the Road, and The Subterraneans. The center idea this strategy spun around is a breathing method fundamentally the same as that of Jazz, or Buddhist reflection. It is most clearly spoken to by a scramble mark instead of a period. The act of extemporizing words dependent on suggested or inalienably surmised implications was another part of Spontaneous Prose. . The center idea this strategy spun around is a breathing procedure fundamentally the same as that of Jazz, or Buddhist reflection. In his announcement on Belief and Technique For Modern Prose, in his main five recommendations Kerouac says, 1. Scrawl mystery journals, and wild typewritten pages, for yr own bliss 2. Accommodating to everything, open, listening 3. Attempt never become inebriated outside yr own home 4. Be infatuated with yr life 5. Something that you feel will locate its own structure (Kerouac) This is more the artistic method of a test mastermind than genuine abstract researcher, or writer, during this period. In spite of this, his style later turns into the organization instructed to most contemporary authors seeking to be proficient. Kerouac never extremely altered his verse. Indeed, most of his work was altered by individual Beat Generation pioneer Donald Merriam Allen, who additionally filled in as a manager for Ginsberg. Acclaimed picture taker Robert Frank made a short film embodying many Beat standards considered Pull My Daisy, where Kerouac is scene perusing his work in the movies opening. The film itself is likewise based a play composed by Kerouac. The Beat Generation is an uprising that framed for the most part on some of America’s most popular school grounds in the mid to late 50’s. It affected understudies in the mid 60’s to look for hard hitting answers to a portion of the intricate inquiries presented to their age. Tending to thoughts like the concurrence of riches and destitution, nearby with racial partiality brought about the beat-scratches framing what might be viewed as the American New Left. A case of this is the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS); which established at the University of Michigan in 1960, it got one of the key associations shaped in response to Beat beliefs. The center conviction of this understudy body was that Americans should rehearse direct popular government as paired to agent majority rule government. This stemmed generally from the exacting idea of Universities during that time where understudies felt they were simply numbers in a framework directing their reality. These understudies were likewise known for being supporters of the Black Power development. These gatherings are likewise notable for being the most obvious asset for creating fights the Vietnam War. This New Left was the kid that the Beat Generation brought forth, and its impact on American culture can be credited for huge numbers of the sociological changes in our general public today. Jack Kerouac, alongside the remainder of the beat-scratch writers, can be credited too. They were the fire that started this generational chain response. In aggregate, when I read Kerouac’s work, I can’t help yet notice that numerous ways his style has been embraced by American culture. The perfect of the imaginative disapproved of youthful craftsman washing in drink and contemplating demise and social insufficiencies is the fundamental picture embraced by most of Rock n Roll bunches today. Most of these groups presumably don’t even know about Jack Kerouac. I’m not saying he was the principal writer, or craftsman, to become inebriated and make; be that as it may, I do recognize the capacity of his through and through freedom to move such a large number of others around him to make the reason to social change. He is pioneer and a pioneer, since he is fallowed past the grave. Work Cited Anderson, James C. â€Å"Robert Frank. † Microsoft Encarta 2006 [CD]. Redmond, WA: Microsoft Corporation, 2005. â€Å"Jack Kerouac. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 30 Jan 2007, 22:03 UTC. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. 2 Feb 2007 http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jack_Kerouac&oldid=104426491

Characters Appearances in The Scarlet Letter How They Change and Why - Free Essay Example

The Scarlet Letter by Nathaniel Hawthorne was written in the 1800s but takes place in the 1600s; it is a fictional story that exemplifies the power of sin and shame in Puritan society, where daily life revolved around work and religion. Hester Prynne, a woman who has committed adultery with a minister, has a child, Pearl, who is considered eccentric and witchlike. As punishment for the crime, the town officials decide to make her wear a scarlet letter A on her chest, instead of executing her. She endures all the shame by herself because she gave birth to Pearl and there is proof of her crime. In the meantime, Hesters husband, as well as Pearls father, choose not to reveal their connections with Hesters crime. The story contrasts Hesters emotional healing process with those of Arthur Dimmesdale, the minister who fathered Pearl, and Roger Chillingworth, Hesters husband who remains anonymous to everyone except Hester. Throughout the story, signs of Dimmesdales and Chillingworths mental and physical deterioration begin to show. Nathaniel Hawthorne uses descriptive imagery of characters appearances and physical conditions to express that exposing sin or wrongdoings, however difficult, puts us in a better state of mind because we have nothing to hide. Hester Prynne is the first person we meet in the story who has sinned badly. The town officials force her to stand on a platform for several hours in front of the townspeople. No one has any doubt that she has committed adultery because she is holding Pearl. As she walks forth from the prison door, she maintains perfect elegance on a large scale and her beauty makes a halo of the misfortune and ignominy in which she [is] enveloped (Hawthorne 55-6). Having already revealed her sin to the world, whether she wanted to or not, Hester is in a near-perfect state of mind even in the midst of her shame in the community. She feels no guilt for what she has done, and she even takes pride in the scarlet letter she has been forced to make and wear. While Hesters scarlet letter does take a toll on her emotions, her conscience is certainly cleaner than several other characters in the book who keep their sins secret. The fact that she has owned up to her sin and is not hiding it or letting it gnaw away at a guilty conscience has freed her emotionally, and this liberty from guilt manifests itself physically, in her elegance. Hawthorne uses imagery to describe her as free from the guilt she would have to endure if she had the choice not to reveal her sin and chose not to publicize it. On the other hand, Arthur Dimmesdale, Pearls father, who is a young, well-respected minister in the community, is in a position to keep his sin quiethe also has that option because he is male and is not the partner who has the child. Dimmesdales transformation throughout the story is remarkable. He remains stable at the beginning, but by the end of the book, he has been destroyed by his guilt. He does reveal his sin at last in front of the shocked townspeople, but he dies immediately afterward. He also maintains a relationship with Roger Chillingworth, who is Hesters husband, but he does not realize this for a long time. Chillingworth, who is a physician, gains Dimmesdales trust gradually and then uses it to his own advantage to emotionally torture him as revenge for committing adultery with Hester. Although Dimmesdale often refuses help and medicine from others in the community, every successive Sabbath, his cheek [becomes] paler and thinner, and his voice more tremulous than before (Hawthorne 125). When Hester meets with Dimmesdale, she notices his poor condition: [h]is nerve seemed absolutely destroyed (Hawthorne 165). Although he did commit adultery just as Hester did, and he also got away with it and left Hester to endure the shame alone, he cannot help but feel progressively guiltier. Some of his guilt is only natural, but most of it comes from Roger Chillingworth, who is set on destroying him emotionally. Just as with Hester, Hawthorne allows Dimmesdales state of mind to manifest itself physically and weaken the minister until he dies. Hesters relative wellness contrasted with Dimmesdales deteriorating health communicate that expressing and owning sin openly is important for maintaining a balanced state of mind. One other key character in the story shows a striking physical transformation: Roger Chillingworth. Chillingworth is perhaps the most evil character in the story because he manipulates Dimmesdales conscience to the point of emotional torture. Hester provides perspective for his transformation. She best remembers him as a studious man with a calm temperament, and he now shows mans ability of transforming into a devil (Hawthorne 176-177). His idea of fun has become torturing Dimmesdale, and evey day he falls deeper and deeper into a pit of sin that no one knows about except Dimmesdale and Hester, when they finally realize together what he has been doing. As with Hester and Dimmesdale, Chillingworths physical condition corresponds with his internal emotional state. However, Dimmesdale sins once, while Chillingworth sins continually and feels no remorse for it either. Chillingworths haggard appearance represents this additional level of sin well, as it eats away at him gradually. In conclusion, taking note of the physical transformations of the characters in The Scarlet Letter is key to understanding how relieving it is to disclose our sins. Hawthorne frequently uses descriptive imagery of Hester, Dimmesdale, and Chillingworth to convey this idea. It is important to note that Hester, unlike Dimmesdale and Chillingworth, had no choice but to reveal the fact that she committed adultery; she had Pearl, and she did not have any opportunity available to hide her sin. Nevertheless, enduring shame from others in her community benefited her in the long run, and it hurt the other two individuals in the situation who did not experience any public humiliation, but instead kept their sins private. Chillingworth remained quiet because he did not want anyone to find out he was Hesters husband. Dimmesdale, being the target of Dimmesdales sin, remained silent about his act of adultery because his reputation as a minister was at risk. Hawthornes use of imagery does not only e xpress the importance of revealing sin, but also raises questions about whether Hester would have been happier if the adultery had not resulted in Pearl, but she had chosen to reveal her sin anyway, as Dimmesdale does in some regard. The principles in this book do not just apply to sin; they can extend to dishonesty in general in todays less religion-centric life. Hawthorne encourages us to be forward about our dishonesty because it will enable us to live with more peace of mind.

Descartes s Meditations On The Existence Of God - 929 Words

Descartes sets out in his meditations to prove that something exists beyond any doubt. He determines that the only way to prove anything outside of his mind is to prove the existence of his idea of God. The ideas that come from his process are interesting, but he doesn’t prove the existence of God is undeniable. Several arguments Descartes uses to claim God exists, don’t hold up to what he has proved up to that point in his meditations. The first being his use of the causal principle on which the rest of his argument seems to rely. Descartes begins the meditations in an effort to wipe out previous knowledge and rebuild it only on knowledge he can know without a doubt. Going through all he believes and deciding if he should still believe is too arduous a task so he goes through several steps and determines that everything can be doubted, even the science and mathematics we know. First he says we can’t trust what we know from our senses because they can deceive us, for example feeling a hat on your head after you remove it. He then says there is no way for him to believe any event because he could be dreaming. Sometimes when he dreams he thinks he’s awake so he knows his mind can’t tell the difference. Descartes remembers his idea of God and realizes God can do anything, including deceive him about what he thinks is real. He decides a perfect God wouldn’t deceive, so he imagines an evil genius creating us and deceiving us at all times. Now, he can put all previous knowledgeShow MoreRel atedThomas Aquinas vs. Descarates Essays673 Words   |  3 PagesAQUINA’S V. DESCARATES Meditation III Several hundred years ago, two great philosophers Thomas Aquinas’s and Rene Descartes used the method of ontological argument for the existence of God and used intuition and reason alone to get to each other’s theory. Rene Descartes wrote out several mediations, but the one we’re going to touch base on is meditation III that he wrote in the 1600’s; While Thomas Aquinas’s wrote his five proofs of God in 1270 that specifies God’s existence in each proof; the oneRead MoreDescartes Belief in God Essay1503 Words   |  7 PagesDescartes and God In his groundbreaking work, Meditations on First Philosophy, the French philosopher Rene Descartes lays the groundwork for many philosophical principles by attempting to â€Å"establish a bold and lasting knowledge† (171)1. The foundations for knowledge Descartes established would go on to influence a plethora of other philosophers and philosophical works. Descartes argues in his meditations first from the point of view of complete skepticism, using skepticism as a tool in order toRead MoreEssay about Descartes First Meditation924 Words   |  4 PagesDescartes#8217; first meditation, his main objective is to present three skeptical arguments to bring doubt upon what he considers his basic beliefs. Descartes believes this to be an intricate part of his complete epistemological argument. Descartes skeptical arguments are not intended to be a denial of his basic beliefs. On the contrary, he uses these arguments to help prove one of his main theses, which is the existence of God. One of the main premises that Descartes uses in his proof forRead MoreThe On First Philosophy By Rene Descartes1699 Words   |  7 PagesIn his work Meditations on First Philosophy, published in 1641, Renà © Descartes sets out to establish a set of indubitable truths for the sciences. He begins by discarding all of his beliefs, then works to rebuild his beliefs based on careful thought. Descartes clearly states this goal, saying in the First Meditation, â€Å"I will work my way up†¦ I will accomplish this by putting aside everything that admits of the least doubt† (I, 17). He is able to establish his own existence, but struggles to move beyondRead MoreDescartes Meditations On First Philosophy1080 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout Rene Descartes’ Meditations on First Philosophy, God is not mentioned until the third meditation. Descartes point of view on God simply claims his existence through the act of being. According to his claim, God must, essentially, exist as well as being an outcome of His own creation. Descartes was greatly interested in the idea that God’s being promoted an external force that controlled all beings that supported his presence. Descartes declarations, presented in his Meditations on First PhilosophyRead MoreDescartes’ Cogito Argument Successfully Shows the Evil Demon Argument is Unsound888 Words   |  4 PagesDoes Descartes’ Cogito argument successfully show that the Evil Demon Argument is unsound? In this essay I will attempt to show that the philosopher, Renà ¨ Descartes’ Cogito Argument successfully proves the Evil Demon Argument to be unsound. By an analysis of the structure of the arguments and what they prove, I will show the evil demon argument to be unsound. An argument is unsound when the premises as false and the argument is invalid. This analysis of both structure and content will eventuateRead MoreThe Meditations On First Philosophy1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Meditations on First Philosophy gives us with an assumed evidence for the existence of God those progresses from the existence of an idea of an unlimited existence in the human mind—an idea of God—to the being of God himself. Insofar as we have an idea of an unlimited existence, an idea with â€Å"infinite independent reality†, we can reasonably ask when it arrived to us. The only thinkable reason of this impression, prerogatives Descartes, is an countless existence, explicitly, God. The manifestationRead MoreThe Meditations By Rene Descartes1384 Words   |  6 PagesRenà © Descartes main goal in the Meditations is to establish that one exists and that a perfect God exists. However, he first argues that the idea that everything perceived around one could be false because the senses are sometimes deceiving. In the first Meditation, Descartes introduces skepticism and brings forth a method of doubt in which he evaluates his beliefs, and questions whether they are true or false and why they should be doubted. He presents various hypothesis that prove there is reasonRead MoreAnalysis Of Rene Descartes Theory Of God Essay1514 Words   |  7 Pagesbelief of God in conceptual value has been imbued in the heart of the human race as a core valve in man’s history. From antiquity to contemporary modernism, there has always been a diversified integration composed of believers and non-believers of God. The assemblage of those who have â€Å"pledged their al legiance† to God foster a like-minded relation to one religious group or another. On the other hand, â€Å"rationalist - freethinkers† as I would like to call them, postulate the perception of God to be inexplicableRead MoreWilliam Robertson Smith, A Scottish Orientalist, Old Testament1692 Words   |  7 PagesThe god can no more exist without his people than the nation without its god. This quote means that the amount of belief that people have on God reflects on how much hope God has for a nation. This quote ties into various discussions that have been going on for a long time, and that is whether or not God exists. A well known philosopher who shares his view on this argument would be Rene Descartes who says, I think therefore I am. This assertion has come to be known as the cogito. Descartes struggled

Analysis Of Kurt Vonnegut Jrs Harrison Bergeron - 1112 Words

John. C. Maxwell, a writer, and a priest, once said â€Å"There are two kinds of pride, ‘good pride’ represents our dignity and self-respect. ‘Bad’ pride is the deadly sin of superiority that reeks of conceit and arrogance† (Quotefancy). Just as there are two sides to pride there are two sides to every human trait, each trait has an advantage and a disadvantage. Being stubborn could mean working towards goals until they have been achieved, or it could mean closing one’s mind so much so they miss out on opportunities they are not looking for. John Maxwell’s paradox of traits is shown through the idea of equality in Kurt Vonnegut Jr’s â€Å"Harrison Bergeron†. In this story the society is led to believe everyone is equal because of handicaps, but†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ËœMy God-’ said George, ‘that must be Harrison!’ The realization was blasted from his mind instantly by the sound of an automob ile collision in his head† (Vonnegut 3). George’s epiphany helped him recognize the sound of his sons footsteps. When Harrison was still home George heard this noise all the time. Almost as soon as he made this realization his handicap goes off, producing a terrible, loud noise, causing him to forget his train of thought. The author uses the words â€Å"blasted† and â€Å"instantly† to help the readers understand the severity of the handicaps. He only has the epiphany that it is, in fact, his son on the TV because he was born with a very high IQ, in contrast to George’s wife who does not have a high intelligence and did not realize it was Harrison until George said so. Unfortunately, because of George’s elevated IQ, he has to have the radio handicap, which goes off and causes him to forget that he realized it was his son in the first place. The society deems these handicaps as important, because it stops people from having their own opinion w hich could lead to retaliation or an uprising. The epiphany that quickly faded from George’s mind demonstrates Vonnegut’s idea that one’s mental attributes will both benefit and fail them. To emphasize his message that both failures and benefits will result from one’s physical attributes Kurt Vonnegut Jr uses imagery throughout his short story â€Å"Harrison Bergeron. In the society that George and Hazel live in, there are

Medical Law Children and Mental Healthâ€Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About The Medical Law Children And Mental Health? Answer: Introduction The Convention for the Protection of Human rights and Fundamental Freedoms has attained a new name and this is the European Convention of Human Rights, i.e., ECHR. This Convention is an international treaty which offers protection to the fundamental freedoms, as well as, human rights in Europe[1]. This Convention was drafted back in the year of 1950, by the Council of Europe, which was newly formed at that time, and the same came into force from the date of September 3rd, 1953. The member states of the Council of Europe are a part to this treaty, and eve the new members are required to ratify the same, as soon as possible[2]. ECtHR, or the European Court of Human Rights, had been formed under this convention for the purpose of providing a stage, whereby a claim can be made by a party, which feels that their rights, provided under this convention, have been contravened. However, only a state party can take such a case before the ECtHR. And the verdicts given by the ECtHR is binding upon the respective states and have to be necessarily executed by them. The execution of these judgments is ensured by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe[3]. This convention consists of three different parts, as amended by Protocol 11. Section I, containing articles 2-18, contains the rights and freedoms; Section II, containing articles 19-51, set up the Court, along with the rules of operation; and Section III contains the different concluding provisions. One of the articles contained in Section I, provides the right of liberty and security to the individuals. The young individuals and the children also have the right to not be deprived of their liberty without a proper legal authorization and review[4]. In the following parts, this very protection given to the individuals below the age of 18 years, through Article 5, with a particular reference to the methods of authorization and review, has been critically analyzed. Article 5 of the ECHR contains the rights, which an individual has, with regards to the liberty and security[5]. As per this article, each and every individual has the right to have and enjoy their liberty and security. An individual cannot be deprived of their liberty, unless the same is for the specified cases and is as per the procedure which has been prescribed by the law[6]. The specified cases include: An individual being legally detained after being convicted by a competent court; An individual being detained or arrest in a lawful manner, due to the failure in complying with the legal order of a court of law, or with the reasons of securing the obligations which have been prescribed through the law; An individual being detained or arrest in a lawful manner, which has been effected for the reasons of bringing such an individual before the competent legal authority due to a reasonable suspicion of having being indulged in an offence, or in such cases where it becomes reasonably important to prevent such individual from fleeing after committing a crime, or from carrying out a crime; A minor being detained due to a legal order for the reasons of educational supervision or such minors legal detention with the objective of bringing him before a competent legal authority; A individual being lawfully detained so that the individual could be prevented from spreading an infectious disease, or a person who is of unsound mind, or is an alcoholic or drug addict, or is a vagrant; An individual being detained or arrested in a lawful manner so as to stop him from undertaking an unauthorized entry in a country or of such an individual against whom, some or the other action is being taken, with a view of extradition or deportation[7]. When any of such cases take place, the individual who has been arrested, has to be informed immediately regarding the reasons for the arrest which have been made, and the charges which have been laid down against him, and this has to be done in a language, which the arrested individual can understand[8]. In accordance with the provisions of Article 1(c), the detained or arrested individual has to be brought immediately before an officer who has been authorized by the law, or before a judge, to exercise their judicial power[9]. Moreover, such an individual is entitled to a fair trial, which has to be conducted within a reasonable period of time, or the individual has to be released pending the trial. This release, though, can be done with certain conditions, for instance, to guarantee that the individual would appear before the court for the trial[10]. Each and every individual, who has been deprived of their liberty, due to being detained or arrested, has to be entitled to take the proceedings through which the legality of his arrest and detention has to be decided by the court in a speedy manner. In case the detention or arrest is not held as lawful, the individual has to be released pursuant to release order given by the court of law. In addition to this, such an individual, who has been a victim of detention or arrest, which results in contravention of this Articles provisions, has the right of being compensated for such behavior[11]. Analysis Article 5 contains the word minor, which means an individual below the age of 18. In the case of Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Ex parte Tammadge[12], a noteworthy discussion was provided with regards to the scope of Article 5(1) (d), which relates to the detention of minors. In this particular case, the appellant was a 15 year old boy, who was not under the control of his parents, as per the claims. It was alleged that this boy was preoccupied with sex and could become aroused sexually whenever he was aggressive or angry. Another claim was made as per which he was a threat to the other children and even to himself. In the later parts of 1998, he was charged with assault on young residents and staff in his placement and of indecent assault. This kid was also involved in two separate incidents of arson. As per section 25 of the Children Act, 1989, a secure accommodation order was imposed on the child on June 30th, 2000. In order to authorize the continued detention of th is kid, the Council applied for this order, in a secure accommodation unit located in Staffordshire[13]. An appeal was made against this particular order. On behalf of this boy, an argument was made that section 25 of the Children Act, 1989[14] was not compatible with the Human Rights Act, 1998, by making reliance over the Article 5 of ECHR. The issue which was raised before the court was did the order which was made regarding the secure accommodation, could be treated as a deprivation of liberty. Further, if such was to be treated as deprivation than under which category of Article 5(1) it would fall[15]. The application was dismissed by the court and it held that the order made regarding the secure accommodation order was indeed a deprivation of the liberty of the kid. Moreover, this deprivation was as per Article 5 (1)(d) of ECHR. While giving this verdict, the decision given in the case of Koniarska v United Kingdom[16] was followed. It was held that Article 5 (1)(d) of ECHR was related to the detention of minors, and did not relate to the detention of individual who were below the official age of leaving school. Hence, just because the boy had cross the official age of leaving school, a detention as per the specific order could not be deemed as for the purpose of educational supervision[17]. The words educational supervisions, in the context of detention of minors, do not have to be equated with the classroom teaching notion, in a rigid manner. With a specific reference to the context of an adolescent in a local authority care, a number of aspects are embraced by the educational supervision regarding the exercise of parental rights by the local authority for the protection and benefit of the youth. The decision given in Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Ex parte Tammadge provides a clarity regarding this aspect. The age of minor being below 18, was further affirmed in the case of X v Switzerland[18]. In this case also, a child of less than 15 years of age was involved, who had a history of offences in his portfolio, including that of theft and traffic. Here also, the applicable article of ECHR was held to be Article 5 (1)(d) of ECHR. The juvenile in this case had been accused of a range of different offences and he was placed in a closed institution for observation and even a psycho-medical expert report was drawn up[19]. However, a decision different from that of Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council was given in this case. This is because of the slight change in circumstances, which changed the entire verdict. Unlike the case of Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, in X v Switzerland, the detention was held to be legal in this case. This was because the procedure which has been prescribed by the law was properly followed in this case. A proper investigation was undertaken in this case by the office of public prosecutor for the juvenile cases. This affirms that due to the applicability of Article 5 of the ECHR, the rights of the children are protected. As was seen in this case, the juvenile was presented with a proper investigation, which provided legality to the actions undertaken by the court, in form of the order made. Article 5 (1)(d) of ECHR does not only provide the provisions enabling a minors detention, it also contains specific, though not exhaustive, examples of such situations where the minors can be detained for the purposes of brining them before a competent legal authority or for their educational supervision. In the case of Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v Belgium[20], a number of articles of the ECHR were contravened, and amongst this were the articles 5(1) and 5(4)[21]. Article 5(1) of the ECHR was held to have been contravened as per the court as the child had been detained as per the law, where no provisions were present which were specific to the minors, for a centre which was meant for the adults, and so, it was extremely unsuitable for the vulnerable situation in which the child was. And the court was of the view that the liberty of the child has not been protected in an adequate manner. Article 5(4) of the ECHR was also violated in this case. This was because the child was deported, without given any consideration to the fact that an application had been lodged by her for release, and even more so, the same had already been granted. Due to these reasons, the application had been rendered ineffective[22]. Article 5(1)(d) of the ECHRs first limb gives authority of detaining a child based on an administrative or court order, so that the attendance of the child can be secured at an educational establishment. And as has already been mentioned and established through Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, the wordings educational supervision, cannot be rigidly equated with the notion of classroom teaching. A range of aspects of parental rights, regarding the exercise of authority, for the protection and benefit of the individual involved, has to be supervised under this[23]. In Bouamar v Belguim[24], the plaintiff was a 17 year old kid, who was also a Moroccan citizen and was placed temporarily in borstal nine times, just because there had been a scarcity in finding an institution or a person, who would take him in. overall, the minor had been deprived of his freedom for a period of 119 days. The court held that the state was required to set up proper infrastructure for carrying out its function. This was due to the fact that the minor had opted for a system as per which the juvenile offenders had to be monitored. And the detention which the minor had to undergo was irregular in nature and thus breached both Article 5(1) and 5(4)[25]. In the matter P. and S. v. Poland[26], mother and daughter were the applicants in the case. At the age of 14, in 2008, the daughter became pregnant due to being raped. The absence of a comprehensive legal framework was complained by the applicant, which could guarantee the daughter with a timely, as well as, an unhindered access to abortion as per the conditions placed through the relevant laws, and regarding the information pertaining to the case being disclosed to the public. A complaint was also made pertaining to the daughter being removed from the custody of her mother, and being placed in a juvenile shelter, and later on in a hospital, as being illegal an unlawful. They claimed that the circumstances which took placed amounted to a degraded and inhumane treatment. It was held by the court that there had been a contravention of three articles, i.e., 3, 5 and 8. Article 5 was contravened as the detention of the child had been unlawful and was done only to prevent the abortion[27] . The case of Ichin and Others v. Ukraine[28] revolves around two boys, who were of the ages of 13 and 14, and were held for 30 days in a juvenile holding facility as they had robbed some kitchen appliances and food from the canteen of the school. This took place even when the boys had made a confession about the committed theft and also had returned the stolen goods partly, and were below the age of criminal responsibility. The court held that the detention of the boys failed to provide the needed educational supervision and so, the Article 5(1) of the ECHR was contravened in this case[29]. They further stated that the juvenile holding facility was not suitable for the boys and there was an absence of intent to present them before the competent legal authority[30]. A juvenile holding facility, in itself cannot be constituted as educational supervision in the view of court, when there is an absolute lack of educational activities. In case a system of education supervisions is opted by a State, which involves a deprivation of the liberty, it becomes obligatory in such state, to put in place, proper institutional facilities, which can meet both the educational and security demands of the system, so that the requirements placed under Article 5(1)(d) can be satisfied[31]. In the matter of Amie and Others v. Bulgaria[32], due to the lack of realistic prospect of the expulsion of Amie, the deportation could not be justified for the entire period of his detention. This was in addition to the failure on part of the domestic authorities in conducting the proceedings with proper and required diligence. The Court could not find that the domestic proceedings, which took place in Bulgaria, were compliant with the conditions stated in Article 5(4). This was due to the time which was taken by the national courts, in making a determination, regarding the legal challenges to the detention order, as these were not compliant with the requirements of the provisions of the decision being taken in a speedy manner. In addition to this, the failure of the courts in getting a release order directly was also in contravention to Article 5(4) as this provision presents the remedies, through which the decision making body has the ability of releasing the detainee[33]. In the legal matter of D.G. v. Ireland[34], a minor was detained in the St. Patricks Institution and he made an application that Articles of ECHR, i.e. Article 3, 5, 8 and 14 had been breached due to this detention[35]. It was held by the courts that the detention of the applicant, who was a minor, was not done for the educational supervisions, as has been described for the purposes of Article 5(1)(d). And hence, this article was held to have been breached. For this particular violation, as per Article 5(5) of the ECHR, the minor was awarded non-pecuniary damages to the amount of 5,000, along with 16,138.96, as being the cost and expenses incurred by him[36]. Article 5(1)(d) of the ECHRs second limb administers the legal detention of a minor so that he can be presented before the competent legal authority. The travaux prparatoires provided that this particular provision was brought with the intention of covering the detention of a minor before the administrative of civil proceedings are initiated, while Article 5 (1)(c) provided the provisions with regards to detention of an individual with regards to criminal proceedings. Though, the detention of a minor, who has been accused of a crime when the psychiatric report is prepared, which is required for taking a final decision regarding the mental condition of such a minor, is considered as a detention for the purpose of bringing the minor, as per sub-paragraph (d), before a competent authority[37]. An example of this could easily be seen in the case of X v Switzerland, mentioned earlier. Conclusion The conclusion is very clear in this study. European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, or the newly named ECHR provides various protections to the individuals with regards to their rights. A specific article of ECHR, i.e., Article 5, protects the individuals from being deprived of their liberty without having a legal backing and proper review. This is with a particular reference to the children and young people, who have been protected through this Article, time and again, and this is evident from the number of case laws highlighted above. This article ensures that the minors, if detained, have been given the proper treatment and that the reasons for the detention are as prescribed under it. Any violation of this article, not only results in a negative order being passed against the party violating this article, but also provides the damages to the affected minor. Hence, it can be clearly and aptly concluded that Article 5 does protect the children below the age of 18 References Amie and Others v. Bulgaria 58149/08 Bouamar v Belguim 11 EHRR 1 1987 D.G. v. Ireland 39474/98 Ichin and Others v. Ukraine 28189/04 28192/04 Koniarska v United Kingdom (2000) (Unreported, 12/10/2000) Mubilanzila Mayeka and Kaniki Mitunga v Belgium 13178/03 and S. v. Poland 57375/08 Regina v Wigan Metropolitan Borough Council, Ex parte Tammadge (1998) 1 CCLR 581 X v Switzerland 8500/79 Statutes and statutory instruments Children Act, 1989 European Convention of Human Rights Human Rights Act, 1998 Secondary Sources Books Bates E, The Evolution of the European Convention on Human Rights: From Its Inception to the Creation of a Permanent Court of Human Rights (Oxford University Press 2010) Goldhaber MD, A People's History of the European Court of Human Rights (Rutgers University Press 2009) Harris D, O'Boyle, M, Bates E, and Buckley C, Harris, O'Boyle Warbrick: Law of the European Convention on Human Rights (3rd edn, Oxford University Press 2014) Schabas WA, The European Convention on Human Rights: A Commentary (Oxford University Press 2015) Verhellen E, Monitoring Children's Rights (Martinus Nijhoff Publishers 1996

Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Example

Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Essay Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Instructions This questionnaire is a tool that you can use to collect information about your business that will be useful for tailoring the R/3 System to your business needs. You will need Microsoft Word for Windows to work with this document. Enter your answers in the fields after the questions, using the TAB key to move from field to field. You may save and later change your answers in this questionnaire just as you would with any other Word document. 1 Enterprise Structure 1. 1 SD – Corporate Structure What selling entities (Sales Organizations) are responsible for establishing terms of sale? To what markets (distribution channels) do you sell? (Retail, Wholesale, etc). What product divisions (product lines) do you have? What sales offices do you have? A Sales Office is a physical location responsible for sales within a given geographical location (optional). What sales groups do you have? These are groups of people responsible for processing sales of certain products or services (optional). Do you have more than one sales person responsible per customer? What warehouses, production sites (Plants) do you have? What are the storage locations at each Plant? Within each plant, what are the areas  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 1 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire from which you ship? For example, different loading docks that ship different types of materials or a Federal Express drop-off. (Shipping Point) 2 Master Data 2. 1 Logistics Business Partners What kinds of business partners do you have? Sold-To Ship-To Bill-To Payer Prospective Customers Competitors Sales Partners Forwarding Agent One Time Customers Do customers have multiple ship-to’s and payers? If yes, how do you choose? We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Distribution Questionnaire specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Distribution Questionnaire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sales and Distribution Questionnaire specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Do you have vendors that are also customers? Please define the structure of your current customer numbering: Yes Invoice-To partner No Payer partner Yes No 2. 2 SD Business Partners SAP Customer Hierarchies define complex buying structures within a single company and allow different pricing for each hierarchy. Do your customers have multi-level complex buying structures within their own company? Yes No Define the following optional Marketing information that can be attached to your customers. Industry Sectors for Customers? Customer Classifications? Nielson IDs?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Legal Status? Define the following optional Sales information breakdowns that may be used for reporting. Customer Groups: Sales Districts: Define the following optional Delivery information. Delivery priority levels. Also, explain the allocation process: Customer Calendars: Customer Goods Receiving Hours: Define the following information that will pertain to your billing documents. Define your Billing Schedule: Customer Terms of Payment and cash discounts you offer: Customer Incoterms? These are delivery terms you offer your customers (i. e. FOB): Do you record contact-person information for your customers? Do you record sales employee information in your customer table? Do you record customers who are placed on a â€Å"Table of Denial†, thereby denying deliveries to them? Yes No 2. 3 Logistics Material Do you record status information on your material records that would suggest a material should be blocked from sales stages? For example, blocking a sales order because the material is  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 3 Yes No Sales and Distribution Questionnaire discontinued, or blocking a delivery because the material is still in development. If yes, list the various status codes: Define the Length and Format of your material numbering scheme: Define your material groups: This key allows you to group together several materials and services that have the same attributes. This grouping can be used for reporting and pricing. Define the product divisions that allow you to organize your sales structure around groups of similar products or product lines: List your Storage Conditions for Material: List your Temperature Conditions for Material: List your Container Requirements for Material: Do you wish to set up a product hierarchy structure for reporting and pricing? If so, what are the hierarchy levels? Up to 9 levels can be used. Yes No 2. 4 SD Material Today, what information does your material master feed to the sales order process? Do you use Bills of Materials? If yes, do you price at the header or component level? Yes Header No Component  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 4 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire If yes, do you perform transfer of requirements and inventory movements on the header or component level? Do you have Configure-to-Order materials? Do you sell any of your material in batches? Header Component Yes Yes No No 3 Basic Functions 3. 1 Pricing Condition Processing What Master Data combinations do you base your pricing on? Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Sold-To Party / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Ship-To Party / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Price List Type / Currency / Material Sales Organization / Distribution Channel / Sold-To Party / Material Group Describe all other combinations: To calculate a price, will R/3 have to read any information stored on an external 3rd party or in-house system? If yes, please describe: What pricing information do you capture for statistical purposes? I. e. , it does not alter the price) For example, material costs, profit margins, or subtotals to print on an invoice. If you process Electronic Data Interchange orders, do you accept the  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 5 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire expected order price per item or the expected order value? If you process Inter-Company orders, d o you charge the inter-company based on a specified amount or on a percentage of the item price? Do you allow manual adjustments to the Gross Price automatically generated by the SAP R/3 system? Do you manually alter prices for an entire sales document at the header level? Do you use â€Å"Interval Graduated Scales† pricing? Example: For the first number of items purchased, the customer is charged a certain price. Additional items above a certain quantity level are sold at a lower price. Do you have multiple prices and discounts for a customer, and require the system to search the combination of all-eligible prices and discounts and give the customer the â€Å"best† or â€Å"lowest† price? Do you require the system to accumulate the amounts for certain conditions (like discounts) and deactivate the discount once a specified maximum value has been reached? Tracking Cumulative values) Do you require the functionality to create user-defined indexes in the pricing tables? This will enable you to search for your prices using companyspecific search criteria such as what operator input what prices on a certain day. Do your prices include Sales Tax? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 6 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you ever base the price of an item on the cost to manufacture or purchase the materials? Do you offer discounts to your customers? If so, what are they based on? Yes No Customer Material Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Customer Group / Material Group Customer / Material Group Ship-to Location Customer Hierarchy Pallets Mixed Pallets Describe all other combinations: Do you offer discounts to your customers that are based on a Sales Promotion? If yes, please describe your Sales Promotion and Sales Deal structure. Are these deals customer-specific or are they related to the product? Are these deals off-invoice or accrued (or a combination of both)? What date is pricing based on? Sales Order date Requested Delivery date How do you calculate and charge Freight? What subtotal information would you like to record on your pricing procedure? Will you need to pass pricing information to the Sales Information  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Valid-From date Depends on the document type Yes No 7 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire System? Will you use the SAP Variant Configuration feature for â€Å"configure to order† materials? Example: When selling an automobile, any options for number of doors, color, engine size, and music package will help determine the price to be charged. Do your customers have large, complex buying structures that you wish to price and discount according to? For example, a large retail company might send out purchase orders from different buying offices, so that you could set up a â€Å"customer-hierarchy† and offer discounts and prices based on the level to which the buying party belongs. Do you calculate your prices by the use of formulas? What is your method of taxation? Yes No Yes No Yes US Non Jurisdiction US Jurisdiction Output Taxes No Canadian Mexico Other 3. 2 Account Assignment How do you determine which General Ledger account should be posted for Revenue? Sales Org, Cust. Grp, Mat. Grp, Acct. Key Sales Org, Customer Group, Account Key Sales Org, Material Group, Account Key Do you also post to Business Areas (product groups) for internal reporting? Yes No Sales Org, Account Key Other  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 8 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire If yes, how? Please list the revenue accounts: What accounts do you use to post sales deductions (discounts)? What account do you use to post freight? What accounts do you use to post tax? What account do you use to post rebates? What accounts do you use to post rebate accruals? Do you require the interface link from SD to COPA? y Plant / Division by Sales Area Yes No 3. 3 Availability Check Do you perform an availability check against on the basis of â€Å"Available to Promise† quantities? If yes, for what types of material? Yes No Do you perform an availability check against on the basis of planned independent quantities? If yes, for what types of material? Yes No Do you normally include replenishment lead time in y our available check? Do you block a sales order if the availability check fails? For your different types of materials, decide what to include in your availability check: Stocks to include: Yes No Yes No safety stock stock in transfer stock in quality inspection blocked stocked  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 9 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What Inward and Outward Movements should be included? purchase orders purchase requisitions planned orders production orders reservations dependent reservations dependent requirements sales requirements delivery requirements 3. 4 Output What master data fields do you use to determine what output to send? Sales Org / Distribution Channel / Customer Group Sales Org What type of output do you send? Printed Fax Collect print out (samples) of the following documents: Sales order Customer master Material master Picking list EDI Other: Shipping documents Invoice Top 5 sales reports Customer Other: 3. 5 Material Determination Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. If a product is packaged differently for a special event (e. g. , Thanksgiving), do you want the system to automatically substitute the special packaging when the product is ordered? If yes, how does the substitution occur? For example, what master records do you perform the substitution based on? Not Used Yes No Customer Material Customer Material Country Code Another grouping?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 10 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What are the different reasons you would substitute one product for another or one packaging for another? Do you want the originally ordered product or the substituted product information to be printed on the output? Do you want the product substitution to occur automatically or should Data Entry personnel be offered a selection screen for substitutable products? Do you want Data Entry personnel alerted when a product is automatically substituted? Do you want the substituted product to be listed as a sub-item to the originally ordered product or should the substituted product completely replace the original product? Do you want product substitution to occur when the original ordered product is not available? Original Substituted automatic offered a selection Yes No sub-item replace Yes No 3. 6 Material Listings Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you require that certain products or customers must be pre-specified on a â€Å"Material List† before a customer can place an order for the material. What Master Data fields will make up the key index for the â€Å"Material Listing† table? Not Used Yes No Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Ship To Location / Material Specify Others:  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 11 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 3. 7 Material Exclusions Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you require that certain products or customers must be pre-specified on a â€Å"Material Exclusion† table to block selling that material to the customer? What Master Data fields will make up the key index for the â€Å"Material Exclusion† table? Not Used Yes No Customer / Material Customer Group / Material Ship To Location / Material Other: 3. 8 Credit Processing Describe how your credit will be monitored: One department (Credit Control Area) will monitor the credit for all Company Codes. Each Company Code will be monitored by its own department. (Credit Control Area) Other: What categories of risk will you monitor against your customer? Check all that apply. During which stages of the sales cycle will you perform a credit check? In the case of new customers, will orders be accepted if the credit data has not yet been maintained? Do you want the credit check performed during entrance of each line item or only when the document is saved? Is there a maximum value per Credit Control Area that a sales document cannot exceed? Low Risk Medium Risk High Risk List any others: Sales Order Delivery Creation Yes Post Goods Issue (shipment) No Each Line Item Saving of Document only Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 12 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Should a credit check be performed when one of the following critical fields are changed on a Sales Document (Payment Terms, Additional Value Days, Fixed Value Date)? What is your policy when a customer fails credit? Do you block the order? Delivery? Yes No Cannot save Sales Order Save Sales Order but block Delivery document creation Save Sales Order, but block Shipment (Post Goods Issue) Describe others: 3. 9 Serial Numbers Do you have serial numbers for your materials (e. g. , model number)? When do you want the system to assign serial numbers? Do you want the system to assign serial numbers automatically or manually? Sales Order Delivery Creation automatically manually Post Goods Issue 4 Sales 4. 1 Inquiry/Quotation Processes Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What kind of information is collected for Inquiries? Not Used existing products potential new products qty pricing validity dates delivery schedules Do you currently support quotation processing? What kind of information is collected for quotes: Yes No existing products potential new products qty pricing validity dates delivery schedules Does a quotation apply to one or many one many  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 13 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire customers? Other additional information on Quotation processing: 4. Sales Order Processing How do you receive orders? EDI FAX Phone Do you presently separate your standard orders by any variables (e. g. , document type, sales organization, sales representative)? Do you convert sales orders from inquiries or quotations? What information do you capture on a sales order? How do you determine/select a customer at sales order entry? List the reasons for a Sales order to take place : What reasons would an order or line item be rejected? Does the line item detail of an order vary from line to line? For example, does one line have a different ship-to than the next? Do you send letters of order confirmation? If so, what forms of media do you use? For sales documents, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an in-completion log if missing? Document Date Purchase Order Number Document Currency Incoterms Material Order Quantity Net Price Plant Shipping Point PO# Sales region manually by number person taking order Additional information: by name  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 14 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Pricing Date Payment Terms Sold-To Party List all others: Would it be valid to â€Å"save† the document if this information is missing? Product Proposals: If a customer routinely orders the same product or group of products, do you have a process that helps you simplify your order entry? If so, how does that process work? For example, do you record the product proposals by Customer, Customer group, or another grouping? Do you have company-defined status codes that are tracked on a sales document? If, so what do these status codes represent? Do you record â€Å"Minimum Delivery Quantity† on your materials? If so, what happens during a sales order if a violation occurs? Do you process backorders? What types of text do you require on your sales documents? Are they required on output? What information fields do you require on your sales order lists? Commitments and checks at order entry: Do you use replenishment lead times to determine availability date at order time?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Nothing Warning Error Yes No Yes No Depends on the Material 15 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you include transit time to calculate the delivery date? When you schedule a delivery, how is it specified (Day, Week, Month, Posting Period)? List your sales order types: 4. 3 Scheduling Agreements Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you need to schedule requested deliveries per line item out into the future? Are all customers and sales areas eligible for scheduling agreements? For Scheduling Agreements, is the delivery schedule for serial parts or replacement parts? Do you schedule the requested deliveries by day, week, period, or month? Should an availability check take place for Scheduling Agreements? How often do you receive changes to your delivery schedules? (hourly, daily, weekly) How do you receive the changes (EDI, telephone)? Do you receive Schedule Agreements from External Service Agents or directly from the customer (or both)? Not Used 4. 4 Contracts Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 16 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you negotiate contracts to use as a basis for sales orders? Do these contracts contain dates and quantities that must be adhered to? Is a distinct order type needed to indicate that the sales order references a contract? Is an availability check needed? If a contract already exists for a customer, do you want data entry personnel to be notified when a sales document is entered for this customer? Do you offer special prices or discounts for contracts? When a contract is created, do you want to have a follow-up activity automatically created? If so, which type of activity (Sales Call, Telephone Call, Sales Letter)? Are contracts for a set time period or do you offer renewals? Do you offer rental contracts? Do you utilize resource-related billing for contracts? (Periodic or Milestone) invoices are sent periodically payment is expected when major milestones are reached 4. 5 Third Party Orders Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you sell goods that you purchase from a vendor? Are these materials always purchased or just on certain orders? Do competing vendors make competitive bids on purchased products? Do you compare bids by  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 17 Not Used Sales and Distribution Questionnaire price, quantity, quality, or what other criterion? Do you send rejection letters to vendors losing bids? Are quotes selected for purchase order creation? Will shipping notification create expediting documents? Are dunning reminders sent? How long is the wait period? Do goods receipts have storage location determination? Is there blocked stock quality inspection, or other types of received stock? Do you charge third-party accounts right away or make separate postings? Is a 3-way match required to post the invoice? Do you bill the customer for the amount shipped from the vendor? Do you bill the customer after your invoice is received from the vendor? Yes No Yes No 4. 6 Consignment Orders Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you allow customers to keep your material in stock while you retain ownership? Does the customer place the orders for material or do you ship on a regular basis? What method will be used to determine when to bill the customer for consumed material? Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 18 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How will you be notified when your customer has sold the product? Are unused or unwanted materials returned to your location from a consignment location? Are customers allowed to place material back into consignment stock after it has been issued? (Consignment Return Delivery Processing) For Consignment orders, is freight charged to the customer or is it a cost that is absorbed by your company? How and at what point in time do you reduce inventory when a customer delivery has been made? 4. 7 Free of Charge Orders On certain types of orders, do you not charge for material? Do these orders require separate order types (for example, samples and donations)? Do they require different account postings? 4. 8 Rush Orders Are there occasions when the delivery should be created as the order is created? Should an availability check take place? Will you price differently for rush orders? 4. 9 Cash Orders Do customers place and pick up orders  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 19 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire at your location and require immediate receipt of a printed invoice? Will you price differently for cash orders? . 10 Credit Card Orders Do you accept credit cards as payment verification when a customer places an order or receives a delivery? 4. 11 Subsequent Free-of-Charge Do you send replacement or add-on materials free-of-charge? Must they reference an existing order? 4. 12 Returnable Packaging Returns Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you give credit if the goods have not been physically returned? Do you accept returns without return goods authorization? What return documents are provided to customers? Do you track packing material at the customer location? (e. g. Skids, containers, etc. ) Do customers notify you when they intend to return the packing material? Do you require an authorization number to accept returned goods at the warehouse? Is a confirmation of receipt required by the customer? Yes No Not Used Yes No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 20 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire When goods are received, do they require inspection? Yes No 4. 13 Warranties Is warranty tracking a requirement? What materials provide warranty agreements? How is it done today? Automatic or manual? Yes No 4. 14 Royalties or License Fees? Do you use royalties or license fees? How do you track them? How do you pay them (credit note, check. )? 4. 15 Stock Transfer Processing Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What locations store materials for transfer? Are these multiple stock locations? What type of stock is inventoried? Are you using SAP R/3 Warehouse Management? Do you have special storage conditions for materials? Do you have contracts or open purchase order arrangements for stock transfers? Is stock reserved prior to movement? How can you break the reservation? Do you forecast the expected transfer?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Yes Yes Yes No No No Not Used 21 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Should stock transfers be generated automatically? Is planning done for all materials? Is planning done for an individual material? (MRP Individual MM) Are multiple transfer order types used? What type of transfer is taking place? Will shipping notification create expediting documents? Are dunning reminders sent? If yes, how long is the wait period? Is this a transfer from one storage location to another or from plant to plant? Are shipping papers required? Who will process the delivery due list? How will picking and goods issue be posted? What movement type should be used? How will the transfer appear in the stock balance? Yes No Yes Yes No No 4. 16 Make to Order Production Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. In the production planning process, what is the strategy for consuming inventory? Are the bills of material simple in structure (having one level) or are they complex (having multiple levels)? Do you plan at the top level or at the lower levels? (Processing of Rough-cut  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 22 Not Used Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Planning Profile) What are the assembly steps taken in manufacturing? Routing Processing) Do you have sub-levels in your routings? (Reference Operation Set Processing) With your routings, do you note what may be needed in the assembly process? (Production Resource) Within your routings, are there trigger points within one routing that may setoff other operations? (Standard Trigger Point Processing) How does the product look and act in the sales order process? Do you state how components can be used within the configuration of a product? (Maintenance of Object Dependencies) Does an engineering change affect the configured production that has been ordered but not yet delivered? If so, is this a manual process or automatic and how does that process work? What are the options and features that your products have? (Characteristic Processing) For the features and options of your products, do you group them in any manner? (Class Processing) Do you pass your sales plan to demand management? Do you forecast? For example, history, forecast or formula? (Sales and  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 23 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Operations Planning). Where does the sales forecast come from? 5 Delivery Processing If you have multiple plants, how do you Customer determine what plant a product is Location delivered from? Product Location Do your customers accept partial deliveries? Do your customers allow the combination of multiple orders into single deliveries? Do you check the availability of product during delivery time? Are deliveries created individually or collective? What documents do you use to complete the delivery process, e. g. , picking list, packing list or bill of lading? Do you track Over Delivery or Under Delivery tolerance percentages for your customers? What picking process activities do you perform? How is packing done? Are you currently using any 3rd party software for packing? Do you have material that: Must be Picked Can Be Picked Cannot be Picked Depends on the Material Type Print pick list Picking confirmation Bar code labels requirements Yes Combination Other: No Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 24 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you confirm your picking process? Do you have material that: Yes No Must be Packed Can Be Packed Depends on the Material Type Cannot be Packed Depends on the Material Type Are you using bar code labeling? How? Do you have routing (truck stops)? How are freight charges handled? What shipping documents are generated? Is backorder processing supported? How? Do you assign priorities to back orders or is it first-come-first-serve based allotments? Do you have a standard lead time in days for the customers requested delivery date? When you schedule a delivery, is it specified per: Do you allow items to be added to a delivery without inclusion on the Sales Order? If so, what kinds of items? What are the reasons you would ever block a sales document from delivery? For the delivery document, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an incompletion log if missing? Document Date Purchase Order Number Document Currency Incoterms Pricing Date Payment Terms Sold-To Party Material Order Quantity Net Price Plant Shipping Point List others: Day Week Yes Month Posting Period No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 25 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What should happen when the Delivery Quantity exceeds the Order Quantity? Nothing Warning Error Depends on the Material Ship Point, Weight Other How do you determine your Pick/Pack time? Not Determined Ship Point, Route, Weight Not Determined Ship Point, Route, Loading Group Not Determined Route Not Determined Route How do you determine your Loading time? Ship Point Other: How do you determine your Transit time? How do you determine your Transportation Lead time? What types of text do you require on your Delivery Documents? Are they required on output? What informational fields do you require on your Delivery Lists? What informational fields do you require on your lists of orders ready for delivery (Delivery Due List)? How and at what point in time do you reduce inventory when a customer delivery has been made? What are your methods for tracking the cost of these materials? Do you ever group deliveries together? Do you require to print Freight Lists by combining deliveries that meet defined criteria? Other: Other: Yes Yes No No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 26 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 6 Transportation Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you interface to any third party transportation systems? If so, which ones? What carriers do you use for the transportation of goods? Is freight charged to the customers or is it a cost that is absorbed by the company? How do you determine the itinerary for your shipments? Do you have Individual and/or Collective Shipments? Do they use one mode of transport or multiple? What are your methods of shipping? (i. e. Truck, Mail, Train, Sea, etc. ) How are your transportation legs determined? No legs are determined According to departure point and itinerary Prelim. legs according to loading point, final legs according to Shipto point Determine preliminary and final stages by delivery Not Used Yes No Do you use Freight Forwarding Agents? 7 Foreign Trade 7. 1 License Skip this section if you do not utilize  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Not Used 27 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire this functionality. Define your legal regulations for each applicable country? For each legal regulation, define the applicable license types? Is the Export License specific to a certain customer? Is the Export License specific to a certain sales transaction type? Is the Export License specific to a certain type of products? Is the Export License specific to a certain destination country? Is the Export License limited by a dollar amount? Is the Export License limited by a quantity amount? When do you wish to check for the export license? Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Delivery Sales Order Delivery 7. 2 Foreign Trade Reporting What declarations to the authorities must you make? EU: NAFTA: Japan: Switzerlan d: Intrastat AERP Export Yes Extrastat HMF Import Kobra 8 Billing/Invoicing Do you centralize or decentralize invoice processing? Please explain: Frequency of invoice creation:  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. per shipment weekly 28 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire daily monthly Do customers have a predefined time when they receive invoices, billing schedule? Do you consolidate invoices: by order by date by customer ship to Other: Do you split invoices? For example, if a single invoice is for multiple product divisions, will multiple invoices be generated by separating on the divisions? How are the billing documents generated, by delivery document, soldto, or some other variable? What invoice documents are created? Are pro forma invoices required? Printed EDI Other: EDI Fax Do you utilize periodic billing by for rental contract type documents? Periodic allows a specified amount to be billed over a certain time period. Do you utilize milestone billing for make to order type documents? Milestone billing allows you to bill once a certain work level has been reached. 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 29 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How do you recognize price changes that occur between the Sales Order and Billing time frame? Copy manual changes, re-determine other Copy prices unchanged, redetermine freight charges Re-determine taxes only Re-calculate all prices including tax and freight Other: What are the reasons you would ever block a delivery from creating an invoice? For the billing document, what information do you consider required and would like to appear on an incompletion log if missing? What types of text are required on your billing documents? Are they required on output? What informational fields are required on your billing document lists? What information fields are required on your lists of deliveries due for billing (Billing Due List)? 8. 1 Rebates Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What % of customers are given rebates? How are rebates calculated? by Material Customer Customer/Material product group O ther: Not Used Is there a time commitment or not? Do you accrue the payment liability? How is payment done? via credit/debit check cut via AP  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 30 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire Do you allow partial settlements on the rebates? If so, how often do you reimburse the customer (weekly, monthly, quarterly, yearly)? Do you offer Lump Sum rebates (not dependent on sales volume)? 8. 2 Credit/Debit Memo What types of adjustments are made: unit price quantity freight charge adjustment list other reasons for adjustment What adjustment methods are used? Are you able to trace it currently? How are output documents generated? Do your debit and credit memos need to go through an approval process? free standing tied to order/invoice printed faxed 9 Reporting Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What are the critical reports generated in each of the following areas: Sales order processing: Pricing: Shipping: Billing: What on-line (screen) reports are used for daily work (daily reporting)? What general statistical reports are being used by managers and executives?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 31 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire How often do you update your data for statistical reporting? Do you plan to utilize the Executive Information System? 10 Sales Information System Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Not Used Please mark the Standard Information Structures you will use: Customer (S001) (Sold-To, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division , Material) Sales Office (S002) (Sales Org. , Group, Office, District, Dist. Channel, Division) Sales Organization (S003) (Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sales District, Material) Material (S004) (Material, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel) Shipping Point (S005) (Ship Pt. , Route, Fwd. Agent, Dest. Country) Sales Employee (S006) (Employee, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sold-To, Material) Variant Configuration (S128) (Class Type, Material, Int. Characteristic, Characteristic Value, Sales Org. , Dist. Channel, Division, Sold-To, Plant) Will you need to create your own UserDefined Information Structures? If so, what fields will be used as the index key? For your information structures, what time frame should the data be accumulated? For reporting purposes, do you need to combine SAP data with information from a legacy or 3rd party software package? Daily Weekly Monthly Period  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 32 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire What exceptional conditions do you have that you would like to receive warning about (Early Warning System)? Should these exceptional conditions be reported on a periodic basis or run on demand? Should these exceptional conditions be printed out or mailed to an employee’s in-box? Do you need to generate a Sales Plan (Budget)? On what organizational levels do you budget? On what sales figures do you budget (example: quantity, dollar volume, returns)? Do you need to transfer your Sales Plan to Demand Management? Would you like to aggregate statistical information on any sub-totals from your pricing procedure? If you have created any custom business partners, do you need to aggregate statistical information on the new partners? Do you need to perform statistical analysis on Inquiries or Quotes? Do you wish to track service level statistics by comparing requested delivery date with the actual delivery date? Do you need to combine information from multiple applications (i. e. , SD and MM) on a single report?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 33 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire 11 Sales Support System Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you record information on competitors or competitor products? Do you track information on prospective customers? Do you perform the following for a sales promotion? Direct Mailing Address List Other: Not Used Do you perform the following sales activities? Sales Call Telephone Call Sales Letter Other: 12 Sales Commissions If you are calculating sales person commissions, how will you calculate them? How are commissions determined in your company? Is a customer assigned to a specific sales commission object (representative, district, etc), or are commissions determined at an order level? Not Using Sales Information System Rebate Partial Settlement functionality Other: Customer specific Customer / Material specific Order specific Other: 3 Electronic Data Interchange Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. What 3rd party translator do you plan to Not Used  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 34 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire use? Which data format will you use? ANSI EDIFACT What inbound messages would you like to use? Request for quote Purchase Order Purchase order change request What output messages would you like to use? Quote P urchase Order acknowledgment PO change acknowledgment ODETTE VDA Planning schedule w/ release capability Shipping Schedule (call-off) Dispatch Advice Delivery note Invoice 4 Data Transfer Do you require to transfer your open orders from your legacy system? Identify the file structure of open orders on your legacy system. Do you require transfer of your current prices from your legacy system? Identify the file structure of prices on your legacy system. Yes No Yes No 15 Service Management Skip this section if you do not utilize this functionality. Do you serialize products that need to be tracked after the delivery? Do you plan to record individual data for each piece of equipment (for these serialized products)?  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. Not Used 35 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire For example, tracking maintenance and service activities and scheduling maintenance visits. Do you schedule the installation and dismantling of equipment at a customer site? Do you need to track any permits related to the service of the product? Will you use external or internal numbering for serial numbers? At what point do you want to assign serial numbers (e. g. , picking time)? Do you need to track any special tools, such as calibration equipment, and plan for their use? Do you grant a warranty for certain products? Do you check the warranty to see what services the customer is entitled to? Do you place serialized products on a service contract? Is there periodic billing associated with these contracts? Are there follow-up activities that need to be done on a service contract? Do you have standard task lists (steps that need to be performed) when a product is serviced? Do you need to track the reason for service calls in both code and text format? Do you need to track the resources used to service a product? (Resources Yes No  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 36 Sales and Distribution Questionnaire include labor and material. ) Do you need to perform planning for these services? Do you need to settle the cost of a service order to a work center, general ledger account or other cost object such as a service contract? Do you need to bill the customer for the resources used during service of the product? Should this invoice consider warranties? Are there contractual price agreements? 16 Recap Identity any major areas of your business which have not been addressed in this questionnaire.  © 1997 SAP Technology, Inc. 37

Biography of Nobel Prize Winner Chief Albert Luthuli

Biography of Nobel Prize Winner Chief Albert Luthuli Date of birth:  c.1898, near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe)Date of death:  21 July 1967, railway track near home at Stanger, Natal, South Africa. Early Life Albert John Mvumbi Luthuli was born sometime around 1898 near Bulawayo, Southern Rhodesia, the son of a Seventh Day Adventist missionary. In 1908 he was sent to his ancestral home at Groutville, Natal where he went to the mission school. Having first trained as a teacher at Edendale, near Pietermaritzburg, Luthuli attended additional courses at Adams College (in 1920), and went on to become part of the college staff. He remained at the college until 1935. Life as a Preacher Albert Luthuli was deeply religious, and during his time at Adams College, he became a lay preacher. His Christian beliefs acted as a foundation for his approach to political life in South Africa at a time when many of his contemporaries were calling for a more militant response to Apartheid. Chieftancy In 1935 Luthuli accepted the chieftaincy of the Groutville reserve (this was not a hereditary position, but awarded as the result of an election) and was suddenly immersed in the realities of South Africas racial politics. The following year JBM Hertzogs United Party government introduced the Representation of Natives Act (Act No 16 of 1936) which removed Black Africans from the common voters role in the Cape (the only part of the Union to allow Black people the franchise). That year also saw the introduction of the Development Trust and Land Act (Act No 18 of 1936) which limited Black African land holding to an area of native reserves - increased under the act to 13.6%, although this percentage was not in fact achieved in practice. Chief Albert Luthuli joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1945 and was elected Natal provincial president in 1951. In 1946 he joined the Natives Representative Council. (This had been set up in 1936 to act in an advisory basis to four white senators who provided parliamentary representation for the entire Black African population.) However, as a result of a mine workers strike on the Witwatersrand gold field and the police response to protesters, relations between the Natives Representative Council and the government became strained. The Council met for the last time in 1946 and was later abolished by the government. In 1952, Chief Luthuli was one of the leading lights behind the Defiance Campaign - a non-violent protest against the pass laws. The Apartheid government was, unsurprisingly, annoyed and he was summoned to Pretoria to answer for his actions. Luthuli was given the choice of renouncing his membership of the ANC or being removed from his position as tribal chief (the post was supported and paid for by the government). Albert Luthuli refused to resign from the ANC, issued a statement to the press (The Road to Freedom is via the Cross) which reaffirmed his support for passive resistance to Apartheid  and was subsequently dismissed from his chieftaincy in November. I have joined my people in the new spirit that moves them today, the spirit that revolts openly and broadly against injustice. At the end of 1952, Albert Luthuli was elected president-general of the ANC. The previous president, Dr. James Moroka, lost support when he pleaded not-guilty to criminal charges laid as a result of his involvement in the Defiance Campaign, rather than accepting the campaigns aim of imprisonment and the tying up of government resources. (Nelson Mandela, provincial president for the ANC in Transvaal, automatically became deputy-president of the ANC.) The government responded by  banning  Luthuli, Mandela, and nearly 100 others. Luthulis Ban Luthulis ban was renewed in 1954, and in 1956 he was arrested - one of 156 people accused of high treason. Luthuli was released shortly after for lack of evidence. Repeated banning caused difficulties for the leadership of the ANC, but Luthuli was re-elected as president-general in 1955 and again 1958. In 1960, following the  Sharpeville Massacre, Luthuli led the call for protest. Once again summoned to a governmental hearing (this time in Johannesburg) Luthuli was horrified when a supporting demonstration turned violent and 72 Black Africans were shot (and another 200 injured). Luthuli responded by publicly burning his pass book. He was detained on 30 March under the State of Emergency declared by the South African government - one of 18,000 arrested in a series of police raids. On release he was confined to his home in Stanger, Natal. Later Years In 1961 Chief Albert Luthuli was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for Peace (it had been held over that year) for his part in the anti-Apartheid struggle. In 1962, he was elected Rector of Glasgow University (an honorary position), and the following year published his autobiography, Let My People Go. Although suffering from ill health and failing eyesight, and still restricted to his home in Stanger, Albert Luthuli remained president-general of the ANC. On 21 July 1967, whilst out walking near his home, Luthuli was hit by a train and died. He was supposedly crossing the line at the time -   an explanation dismissed by many of his followers who believed more sinister forces were at work.